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Mediated by B lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells to secrete immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD).

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Targets CD4+ T cells. Replicates via reverse transcriptase. Leads to opportunistic infections when CD4 counts fall below 200 cells/µL. 2. Key Fungal Pathogens Mediated by B lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma

The clinical utility of antibiotics is constantly challenged by bacterial evolution and the rapid spread of resistance genes. 1. Mechanisms of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) medical microbiology lecture notes ppt updated